CHAPTER 2
Understanding Financial
Statements,
Taxes, and Cash Flows
CHAPTER ORIENTATION
In this chapter, we review the
contents and meaning of a firm’s income statement and balance sheet. We also look very carefully at how to compute
a firm’s cash flows from a finance perspective, which is called free cash flows.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Basic Financial Statements
A. The Income Statement
1. The income statement
reports the results from operating the business for a period of time, such as a
year.
2. It is helpful to think of the income statement as comprising
five types of activities:
a. Selling the product
b. The cost of producing or acquiring the goods or services
sold
c. The expenses incurred in marketing and distributing the
product or service to the customer along with administrative operating expenses
d. The financing costs of doing business: for example, interest
paid to creditors and dividend payments to the preferred stockholders
e. The taxes owed based on a firm’s taxable income
3. An example of an income statement is provided in Table 2-1
for the Harley-Davidson Corporation.
B. The Balance Sheet
1. The balance sheet provides a snapshot of the firm’s
financial position at a specific point in time, presenting its asset holdings,
liabilities, and owner-supplied capital.
a. Assets represent the resources owned by the firm
(1) Current assets ‑ consisting primarily of cash, marketable
securities, accounts receivable, inventories, and prepaid expenses
(2) Fixed or long-term assets – comprising equipment, buildings,
and land
(3) Other assets – all assets not otherwise included in the
firm’s current assets or fixed assets, such as patents, long-term investments
in securities, and goodwill
b. The liabilities and owners’ equity indicate how the assets are
financed.
(1) The debt consists of such sources as credit extended from
suppliers or a loan from a bank.
(2) The equity includes the stockholders’ investment in the firm
and the cumulative profits retained in the business up to the date of the
balance sheet.
2. The balance sheet is not intended to represent the current
market value of the company, but rather reports the historical transactions
recorded at their costs.
3. Balance sheets for the Harley-Davidson Corporation are
presented in Table 2-2.
II Computing a Company’s Taxes
A. Types of taxpayers
1. Sole proprietors
a. Report business income on personal tax returns
b. Pay taxes at personal tax rate
2. Partnerships
a. The partnership reports income but does not pay taxes
b. Each partner reports his or her portion of income and pays
the corresponding taxes.
3. Corporations
a. Corporation reports income and pays taxes
b. Owners do not report these earnings except when all or part
of the profit is paid out as dividends.
c. Our focus is on corporate taxes.
B. Computing Taxable Income
1. Taxable income is based on gross income less tax-deductible
expenses
a. Interest expense is tax deductible
b. Dividend payments are not tax deductible
2. Depreciation
a. Modified accelerated cost recovery system used for computing
depreciation for tax purposes
b. We use straight-line depreciation to reduce complexity.
C. Computing Taxes Owed
1. Taxes paid are based on corporate tax structure.
2. Tax rates used to calculate tax liability are marginal tax
rates, or the rate applicable to the next dollar of income.
3. Average tax rate is calculated by dividing taxes owed by the
firm’s total income
4. Marginal tax rate is used in financial decision making
III. Measuring Free Cash Flows
A. While an income statement measures a company’s profits,
profits are not the same as cash flows; profits are calculated on an accrual basis rather than a cash basis.
B. In
measuring cash flows, we could use the conventional accountant’s presentation
called a statement of cash flows. However, we are more interested in
considering cash flows from the perspective of the firm’s shareholders and its
investors, rather than from an accounting view. We will instead measure the
cash flow that is free and available to be distributed to the firm’s investors,
both debt and equity investors, or what we will call free cash flows.
C. The
cash flows that are generated through a firm’s operations and investments in
assets will always equal its cash flows paid to – or received from – the
company’s investors (both creditors and stockholders).
D. Calculating Free Cash Flows: An Asset Perspective
1. A firm's free cash flows, from an asset perspective, is the
after-tax cash flows generated from operations less the firm's investments in
assets. It is this same amount that will
be available for distributing to the firm’s investors. That is, a firm's free cash flows for a given
period is equal to:
After-tax cash flow from
operations
less
the
investment (increase) in net operating working capital
less
investments
in fixed assets (plant and equipment) and other assets.
2. After-tax cash flows from operations as
follows:
Operating income (earnings before
interest and taxes)
+ depreciation
= Earnings
before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA)
- cash
tax payments
= After-tax
cash flows from operations
3. The
increase in net operating working capital is equal to the:
- 
4. Investments
in fixed assets includes the change in gross
fixed assets and any other balance sheet assets not already considered.
E. Calculating Free Cash Flows:
A Financing Perspective
 |
1. Free cash flows from a financing perspective are equal to:
 |
A. Many countries have different guidelines for firms to use in
preparing financial statements. For
example, a $1 of earnings in the United States is not the same as 1.10 Euro
(the equivalent of a U.S. dollar based on the exchange rate). The differences are due to the two countries
having different Generally Accepted Accounting Principles which guide their
firms’ financial reporting.
B. As a result of this situation, the International Accounting
Standards Committee (IASC), a private body supported by the worldwide
accounting profession, is trying to develop international financial-reporting
standards that will minimize the problem.
In spite of the work to standardize accounting practices around the
world, the U.S. accounting profession has rejected efforts toward international
standards. At this time, foreign
companies seeking to list their shares in the United States must follow U.S.
accounting standards.
ANSWERS TO
END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS
2-1. a. The
balance sheet represents an enumeration of a firm’s resources (assets) along
with its liabilities and owners’ equity at a given date. The income statement summarizes the net
results of the operation of a firm over a specified time interval.
The primary distinction between
these two statements is that the balance sheet shows the financial condition of
a firm at a given date, whereas the income statement deals with the revenues
and expenses of the firm incurred during a specified period of time.
b. The
conventional cash flow statement as prepared by accountants provides the
information we need to know about what has happened to the firm’s cash and why.
But it does not present it in a way that makes clear the cash flows the firm’s
creditors and investors are providing to or receiving from the firm. Thus, we choose to reformat the presentation
to show the firm’s free cash
flows—the cash available to distribute to the creditors and investors. We are more interested in considering cash
flows from the perspective of the firm’s shareholders and its investors, rather
than from an accounting view. We instead measure the cash flow that is free and
available to be distributed to the firm’s investors, both debt and equity
investors, or what we will call free
cash flows. Thus, what we use is
similar to a conventional cash flow statement presented as part of a company’s
financial statements, but “not exactly.”
We also make the distinction between the cash flows generated by the
firm’s assets and the financing free cash flows.
2-2. Gross profits is sales less the cost of
producing or acquiring the firm’s product or service. Operating profits is the gross profits less
the operating expenses, which consist of distributing the product or service to
the customer (namely, marketing expenses) and any general and administrative expenses
in operating the business. Net income is
operating profits less financing costs (interest expenses and preferred stock
dividends) and less income taxes.
2-3. Interest expense is the cost of borrowing money from a banker
or another lender. There typically is a fixed interest rate so that the
interest expense is computed as the interest rate times the amount borrowed. If
we borrow $500,000 at an interest rate of 12 percent, then our interest expense
will be $60,000.
While interest is paid for the
use of debt capital, dividends are paid to the firm’s stockholders. Preferred stock typically has a fixed
dividend rate, so that the preferred stockholder gets a constant dividend each
year. Common stockholders, on the other
hand, usually receive dividends only if management decides to pay a dividend
instead of reinvesting the firm’s profits.
However, typically once a dividend has been paid to common stockholders,
management is reluctant to decrease it or cease paying a dividend.
2-4 Once preferred shares are sold, dividends are paid or accrued
each year based upon preferred dividends (i.e., the percentage of the preferred
stock’s par value paid as dividends) agreed to at the selling date. However, these dividends affect the income
statement only. Common stock dividends,
which may vary from year to year, also affect the income statement; however,
the investment of common shareholders varies with the net addition to (or
reduction from) retained earnings from year to year. The net addition to retained earnings equals
the difference in the period’s net income and common dividends paid. Thus, the common equity section of the
balance sheet (par value of common stock, paid-in capital and retained
earnings) varies from year to year due to changes in the retained earnings
portion of the firm’s common equity.
2.5 Net
working capital is the firm’s liquid assets (current assets) less its
short-term debt. Accountants include all
short-term debt when computing net
working capital; however, in computing free cash flows, we only subtract the
noninterest-bearing debt, such as accounts payables and accruals. With this latter method, we are only
considering the assets and liabilities that are changing as a result of the
normal operating cycle of the business—beginning with the time inventory is
purchased on credit to the time the firm collects the cash from its customer.
Gross working capital is the sum
of current assets, while net working capital is the difference between current
assets and current liabilities.
As already suggested, we have
both interest-bearing debt and noninterest-bearing debt. The former is debt where the lender is paid
interest for providing us the money. Noninterest-bearing debt charges no
interest because the “lender” is really a supplier or an employee to whom we
owe money, but they are not requiring the firm to pay interest.
2-6. A firm could have positive cash flows but still be in trouble
because it has negative cash flows from operations. The positive cash flows would then be the
result of the firm reducing its investments in working capital or long-term
assets. Such a situation means that the
company is not earning a satisfactory rate of return on its investments. Another company could have very attractive
rates of return on its assets, but be growing so fast that the large investments
in working capital and long-term assets result in negative cash flows. In this latter case, management is simply
investing in the future. As the rate of
growth slows, positive cash flows will occur.
2-7. Examining only the income statement and the balance sheet fails
to tell us how the firm is using its cash, which is a critical issue for any
company.
2-8. Free cash flows from assets equal the cash flows that are
generated by the company that are then distributed to (if positive) or received
from (if negative) the firm’s creditors and investors. It looks at cash flows from the firm’s
perspective. Free cash flows from a
financing perspective looks at the cash flows from the investors’
viewpoint. It indicates how the investor
received cash in the form of interest, dividends, debt repayment or stock
repurchase and how the investor infused cash in the form of additional debt or
stock purchase. Whatever the company does is the exact opposite of what the
investor receives or pays. That is, if a
company distributes $100 in cash to the investors, then the investors must
receive $100 as well. They have to be
equal.
SOLUTIONS
TO
END-OF-CHAPTER
PROBLEMS
Solutions
to Problem Set A
2-1A. Belmond, Inc.
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2003
ASSETS
Current
assets
Cash
$ 16,550
Accounts
receivable 9,600
Inventory
6,500
Total
current assets
$ 32,650
Gross
buildings & equipment
$122,000
Accumulated
depreciation
(34,000)
Net
buildings & equipment $ 88,000
Total
assets $120,650
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Liabilities
Current
Liabilities
Notes
payable
$ 600
Accounts
payable
4,800
Total
current liabilities
$ 5,400
Long-term
debt
55,000
Total
liabilities
$ 60,400
Equity
Common
stock
$ 45,000
Retained
earnings 15,250
Total
equity
$ 60,250
Total
liabilities and equity
$120,650
Belmond, Inc.
Income
Statement
For
the Year Ended December 31, 2003
Sales
$ 12,800
Cost
of goods sold
5,750
Gross
profits
$ 7,050
General
& admin expense
$ 850
Depreciation
expense
500
Total
operating expense
$ 1,350
Operating
income (EBIT)
$ 5,700
Interest
expense
900
Earnings
before taxes
$ 4,800
Taxes 1,440
Net
income
$
3,360
2-2A.
Sharpe
Mfg. Company
Balance
Sheet
December
31, 2003
ASSETS
Cash $ 96,000
Accounts
receivable 120,000
Inventory 110,000
Total
current assets
$ 326,000
Machinery
and equipment $
700,000
Accumulated
depreciation
(236,000)
Net
fixed assets
464,000
Total
assets
$
790,000
LIABILITIES & EQUITY
Liabilities
Current
Liabilities
Notes
payable
$ 100,000
Accounts
payable 90,000
Total
current liabilities
$ 190,000
Long-term
debt
160,000
Total
liabilities
$ 350,000
Equity
Common
stock $ 320,000
Retained
earnings
Prior year 100,000
Current year 20,000
Total
equity
$ 440,000
Total
liabilities and equity
$
790,000
Sharpe
Mfg. Company
Income
Statement
For
the Year Ended December 31, 2003
Sales
$ 800,000
Cost
of goods sold
500,000
Gross
profits
$ 300,000
Operating
expense 280,000
Net
income
$
20,000
(Assume
no interest accrued or taxes)
2-3A. Delaney, Inc. - Corporate Income Tax
Sales $4,000,000
Cost of goods sold and
cash operating expenses 2,400,000
Depreciation expense 100,000
Operating profit $1,500,000
Interest expense 150,000
Taxable Income $1,350,000
Tax
Liability:
$50,000 x
0.15 = $7,500
25,000 x
0.25 = 6,250
25,000 x
0.34 = 8,500
235,000 x 0.39 = 91,650
1,015,000 x
0.34 = 345,100
$1,350,000 $459,000
2-4A. Potts, Inc. - Corporate Income Tax
Sales $
6,000,000
Cost of goods sold and
cash operating expenses 5,600,000
Operating profit $ 400,000
Interest expense 30,000
Taxable Income
$
370,000
Tax
Liability:
$50,000 x
0.15 = $7,500
25,000 x
0.25 = 6,250
25,000 x
0.34 = 8,500
235,000 x
0.39 = 91,650
35,000
x 0.34 = 11,900
$370,000 $125,800
2-5A. Pamplin, Inc.
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Operating
income (EBIT)
$ 360,000
Depreciation
200,000
EBITDA
$ 560,000
Tax
expense $ 120,000
Less
change in tax payable
-
Cash
taxes
$ 120,000
After-tax
cash flows from operations $
440,000
Change
in net working capital
Change
in current assets:
Change in cash $ (50,000)
Change in accounts receivable (25,000)
Change in inventory 75,000
Change
in current assets
$ -
Change
in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payable $ (50,000)
Change in net operating working capital $ (50,000)
Change
in long-term assets:
Purchase of fixed assets
(400,000)
Free
cash flows - asset perspective $ (10,000)
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest
expense $
(60,000)
Less
change in interest payable -
Interest
paid to lenders
$ (60,000)
Repayment
of long-term debt -
Increase
in short-term debt 150,000
Common
stock dividends paid to owners (80,000)
Free
cash flows - financing perspective $ 10,000
Note: The dividends were computed by comparing net
income against the change in retained earnings.
Net income was $180,000, but retained earnings increased only by
$100,000; thus the balance was distributed in the form of dividends.
Pamplin,
Inc. had an after-tax operating cash flow of $440,000. Additionally, Pamplin acquired further
financing though increasing short-term debt by $150,000. This cash was mainly used to purchase fixed
assets of $400,000. The remainder was
used to decrease payables to suppliers by $50,000, pay interest of $60,000, and
pay dividends back to the investors of $80,000.
2-6A. T.P. Jarmon
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from
operations
Earnings before taxes $
70,000
Plus interest expense 10,000
EBIT 80,000
Depreciation 30,000
EBITDA $ 110,000
Tax expense $ 27,100
Less change in tax payable -
Cash taxes 27,100
After-tax cash flows from operations $
82,900
Step
2: Change in net operating working capital
Change in current assets:
Change in cash $
(1,000)
Change in accounts receivable (9,000)
Change in inventory 33,000
Change in prepaid rent (100)
Change in marketable securities 200
Change in current assets $ 23,100
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payable $
9,000
Change in accrued expenses (1,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $
8,000
Change in net operating working capital $ (15,100)
Step
3: Change in long-term assets
Purchase of fixed assets $
14,000
(Change in net fixed assets + depr.
expense)
Change in other assets -
Net cash used for investments $ (14,000)
Asset free cash flows $ 53,800
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest paid to investors $(10,000)
Less change in interest payable -
Interest received by investors $ (10,000)
Decrease in long-term debt (10,000)
Decrease in notes payable (2,000)
Common stock dividends (31,800)
Financing free cash flows $ (53,800)
T.P. Jarmon had a successful
year, generating an after-tax cash flow of $82,900. To increase cash flow further,
noninterest-bearing debt increased by $8,000.
Part of this cash was consumed when current assets were increased by
$23,100 (of which inventory increased by $33,000). Fixed assets of $14,000 were also
purchased. The substantial part of the
cash flow, however, was distributed back to the investors. Debt was decreased, both long-term and
short-term, by $12,000. Interest of
$10,000 was also paid on this debt.
Finally, investors were paid $31,800 in dividends.
2-7A. Abrams Manufacturing
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from
operations
Operating
Income $
54,000
Depreciation 26,000
EBITDA $
80,000
Tax expense $ 16,000
Less change in tax payable -
Cash taxes 16,000
After-tax cash flows from operations $
64,000
Step 2: Change in net operating working
capital
Change in current assets:
Change in cash $ 11,000
Change in accounts receivables 6,000
Change in inventories (12,000)
Change in prepaid expenses -
Change
in current assets $ 5,000
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payables $ 5,000
Change in accrued liabilities (5,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $ -
Change in net operating working capital $ (5,000)
Step 3: Change in long-term assets
Purchase of fixed assets $
73,000
Change in other assets -
Net cash used for investments $
(73,000)
Asset free cash flows $ (14,000)
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest paid to investors $ (4,000)
Less change in interest payable -
Interest received by investors $ (4,000)
Decrease in long-term debt (mortgage payable) (70,000)
Increase in preferred stock 120,000
Preferred stock dividends (10,000)
Common stock dividends (22,000)
Financing free cash flows $
14,000
Abrams
generated cash through an after-tax operating profit of $64,000 and issuing
preferred stock of $120,000. This cash
was primarily used to pay down debt of $70,000 and purchase fixed assets of
$73,000. Investors also received cash
back through dividends of $32,000 and interest of $4,000. Abrams also increased current assets in total
by $5,000 by increasing cash and accounts receivable while decreasing
inventory.
2-8A. J.T. Williams
Williams generated $224,210 in
after-tax operating cash flows(including other income). To further increase cash flow, accounts
payable and accrued expenses were increased by $1,662 and $32,283,
respectively. They also increased their
short-term debt by $30,577, increased their long-term debt by $7,018 and issued
more common stock for $61,806. They used
the operating cash flow and increased financing to purchase $58,297 in
inventory and other current assets and purchased $308,336 in fixed assets,
investments, and other assets. While
Williams generated a positive after-tax cash flow from operations, investors
and creditors infused $99,401 into the operations to finance the increases in
assets. Williams needs to analyze
whether the investors are receiving an acceptable return on their investments. It should be careful not to become
over-capitalized during this time of rapid growth.
2-9A. Johnson, Inc.
Johnson incurred a loss of
$450,571 in after-tax operating cash flows(including other losses). In addition, interest expense of $87,966 was
paid to cover the company’s current debt.
The company increased their cash reserve, inventory and other current
assets by $587,924. Fixed assets,
investments, and other assets increased in net by $1,420,113. To finance this negative free cash flow, Johnson
increased their long-term debt by $1,118,198, increased short-term debt and
other current liabilities by $227,607, and issued more common stock in the
amount of $851,016. Accounts payable to
suppliers were also increased by $349,753.
While investors in Internet companies have been satisfied with repeated
annual losses, Johnson should look for ways to decrease debt, produce positive
future cash flows, and provide an acceptable rate of return to its investors.
SOLUTION TO INTEGRATIVE PROBLEM
Davis & Howard had a
successful year bringing in positive after-tax cash flows from
operations(including other income) of $174,034.
This money was used in part to increase current assets and fixed assets
of $77,100 and $61,873, respectively.
Investments also increased $2,730 and other assets were sold for
$9,881. The noninterest-bearing current
debt also increased by $59,062 to help finance the increase in current
assets. However, the increase in current
assets was substantially due to an increase of $57,467 in accounts receivable. Management should take measures to reduce the
average collection period or utilize other tools to maintain control of this
asset. Free cash flows of $101,274 were
distributed to investors. Interest
expense of $17,024 was paid for the current debt. Davis & Howard decreased their debt
principal(including long-term debt, other liabilities, and notes payable) by a
total of $27,380. Stockholders were paid
dividends of $26,912. Finally, Davis
& Howard used their free cash flows to repurchase common stock for $29,958.
Solutions
to Problem Set B
2-1B. Warner Company
Balance
Sheet
December
31, 2003
ASSETS
Current
assets
Cash
$ 225,000
Accounts
receivable 153,000
Inventory 99,300
Prepaid
expenses 14,500
Total
current assets
$ 491,800
Gross
buildings & equipment
$ 895,000
Accumulated
depreciation (263,000)
Net
buildings & equipment
$ 632,000
Total
assets $1,123,800
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Liabilities
Current
Liabilities
Accounts
payable $ 102,000
Notes
payable 75,000
Taxes
payable 53,000
Accrued
expense 7,900
Total
current liabilities
$ 237,900
Long-term
debt 334,000
Total
liabilities
$ 571,900
Equity
Common
stock
$ 289,000
Retained
earnings 262,900
Total
equity
$ 551,900
Total
liabilities and equity
$1,123,800
Warner Company
Income
Statement
For
the Year Ended December 31, 2003
Sales
$ 573,000
Cost
of goods sold
297,000
Gross
profits
$ 276,000
General
& admin expense
$ 79,000
Depreciation
expense
66,000
Total
operating expense
$ 145,000
Operating
income (EBIT)
$ 131,000
Interest
expense 4,750
Earnings
before taxes
$ 126,250
Taxes 50,500
Net
income
$
75,750
2-2B. Sabine Mfg. Company
Balance
Sheet
December
31, 2003
ASSETS
Current
assets
Cash
$ 90,000
Accounts
receivable 150,000
Inventory 110,000
Total
current assets
$ 350,000
Machinery
and Equipment $
700,000
Accumulated
depreciation (236,000)
Net
buildings & equipment
$ 464,000
Total
assets $ 814,000
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Liabilities
Current
Liabilities
Accounts
payable $ 90,000
Short-term
notes payable 90,000
Total
current liabilities
$ 180,000
Long-term
debt 160,000
Total
liabilities
$ 340,000
Equity
Common
stock
$ 320,000
Retained
earnings
Prior year 84,000
Current year 70,000
Total
equity
$ 474,000
Total
liabilities and equity
$
814,000
Sabine
Mfg. Company
Income
Statement
For
the Year Ended December 31, 2003
Net
Sales
$ 900,000
Cost
of goods sold
550,000
Gross
profits
$ 350,000
Operating
expense 280,000
Net
income $
70,000
2-3B. Cook, Inc. - Corporate Income Tax
Sales $
3,500,000
Cost of goods sold and
cash operating expenses 2,500,000
Depreciation expense 100,000
Operating profit $ 900,000
Interest expense 165,000
Taxable Income $
735,000
Tax
Liability:
$50,000 x
0.15 = $ 7,500
25,000 x
0.25 = 6,250
25,000 x
0.34 = 8,500
235,000 x
0.39 = 91,650
400,000 x 0.34 = 136,000
$735,000 $249,900
2-4B. Rose, Inc. - Corporate Income Tax
Sales $7,000,000
Cost of goods sold and
cash operating expenses 6,600,000
Operating profit $400,000
Interest expense 40,000
Taxable Income $ 360,000
Tax
Liability:
$50,000 x
0.15 = $ 7,500
25,000 x
0.25 = 6,250
25,000 x
0.34 = 8,500
235,000 x
0.39 = 91,650
25,000
x 0.34 =
8,500
$ 360,000 $122,400
2-5B. J.B. Chavez
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from
operations
Earnings before taxes $
270,000
Plus interest expense 60,000
EBIT 330,000
Depreciation 200,000
EBITDA $
530,000
Tax expense $ 108,000
Less change in tax payable -
Cash taxes 108,000
After-tax cash flows from operations $ 422,000
Step 2: Change in net operating working
capital
Change in current assets:
Change in cash $ (50,000)
Change in accounts receivable (20,000)
Change in inventory 50,000
Change in current assets $ (20,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payable $(135,000)
Change in accrued expenses -
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $(135,000)
Change in net operating working capital $ (115,000)
Step 3: Change in long-term assets
Purchase of fixed assets $ 300,000
Change in other assets -
Net cash used for investments $ (300,000)
Asset free cash flows $ 7,000
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest expense $
(60,000)
Less change in interest payable -
Interest paid to lenders $
(60,000)
Increase in notes payable 115,000
Common stock dividends (62,000)
Financing free cash flows $ (7,000)
After-tax
cash flows from operations of $422,000 and an increase in notes payable of
$115,000 were used to pay down the accounts payable by $135,000 and increase
our inventory and fixed assets by $50,000 and $300,000, respectively. Interest of $60,000 and common stock
dividends of $62,000 were paid to investors.
2-6B. RPI, Inc.
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from
operations
Earnings before taxes $
110,000
Plus interest expense 10,000
EBIT 120,000
Depreciation 30,000
EBITDA $
150,000
Tax expense $
27,100
Less change in tax payable -
Cash taxes 27,100
After-tax cash flows from operations $
122,900
Step 2: Change in net operating working
capital
Change in current assets:
Change in cash $
1,000
Change in marketable securities 200
Change in accounts receivable (4,000)
Change in prepaid rent (100)
Change in inventory 43,000
Change in current assets $
40,100
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payable $
7,000
Change in accrued expenses (1,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $
6,000
Change in net operating working capital $
(34,100)
Step 3: Change in long-term assets
Purchase of fixed assets $
34,000
(Change in net fixed assets
+
depreciation expense)
Change
in other assets -
Net cash used for investments $ (34,000)
Asset free cash flows $ 54,800
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest expense $ (10,000)
Less change in interest payable -
Interest paid to lenders $
(10,000)
Decrease in notes payable (3,000)
Decrease in long-term debt (10,000)
Common stock dividends (31,800)
Financing free cash flows $ (54,800)
RPI
had positive after-tax operating cash flows of $122,900. As a result, RPI made a decision to evenly
split the cash flow between distribution to investors and investing back into
the company. Net operating capital
increased by $34,100, mostly in the area of inventory which increased by
$43,000. Fixed assets of $34,000 were
also purchased. The asset free cash flow
of $54,800 was distributed back to investors through interest of $10,000, debt
repayments of $13,000, and dividends of $31,800.
2-7B. Cameron Co.
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from
operations
Earnings before taxes $
72,000
Plus interest expense 5,000
EBIT 77,000
Depreciation 26,000
EBITDA $
103,000
Tax expense $
30,000
Less change in tax payable -
Cash taxes 30,000
After-tax cash flows from operations $ 73,000
Step 2: Change in net operating working
capital
Change in current assets:
Change in cash $ (19,000)
Change in accounts receivable 6,000
Change in prepaid expenses -
Change in inventory (22,000)
Change in current assets $ (35,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payable $
(5,000)
Change in accrued liabilities (5,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $
(10,000)
Change in net operating working capital $
25,000
Step 3: Change in long-term assets
Purchase of fixed assets $
63,000
Change in other assets -
Net cash used for investments $
(63,000)
Asset free cash flows $ 35,000
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest expense $
(5,000)
Less change in interest payable -
Interest paid to lenders $
(5,000)
Decrease in mortgage payable (60,000)
Increase in preferred stock 70,000
Preferred stock dividends (8,000)
Common stock dividends (32,000)
Financing free cash flows $ (35,000)
Cameron
Co. created cash flows through after-tax profits of $73,000 and issuing $70,000
of preferred stock. Cameron also
decreased current assets of $35,000 through inventory and cash. This cash was used to decrease $10,000 in
noninterest-bearing current debt and to purchase $63,000 in fixed assets. Cameron also eliminated $60,000 in a mortgage
payable and distributed $40,000 in dividends and $5,000 in interest to
investors.
2-8B Hilary’s Ice Cream
Hilary’s had a profitable year
generating after-tax operating cash flows(including other losses) of
$10,953. However, it should be noted
that current assets increased by $5,038 of which accounts receiv
CHAPTER 2
Understanding Financial
Statements,
Taxes, and Cash Flows
CHAPTER ORIENTATION
In this chapter, we review the
contents and meaning of a firm’s income statement and balance sheet. We also look very carefully at how to compute
a firm’s cash flows from a finance perspective, which is called free cash flows.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Basic Financial Statements
A. The Income Statement
1. The income statement
reports the results from operating the business for a period of time, such as a
year.
2. It is helpful to think of the income statement as comprising
five types of activities:
a. Selling the product
b. The cost of producing or acquiring the goods or services
sold
c. The expenses incurred in marketing and distributing the
product or service to the customer along with administrative operating expenses
d. The financing costs of doing business: for example, interest
paid to creditors and dividend payments to the preferred stockholders
e. The taxes owed based on a firm’s taxable income
3. An example of an income statement is provided in Table 2-1
for the Harley-Davidson Corporation.
B. The Balance Sheet
1. The balance sheet provides a snapshot of the firm’s
financial position at a specific point in time, presenting its asset holdings,
liabilities, and owner-supplied capital.
a. Assets represent the resources owned by the firm
(1) Current assets ‑ consisting primarily of cash, marketable
securities, accounts receivable, inventories, and prepaid expenses
(2) Fixed or long-term assets – comprising equipment, buildings,
and land
(3) Other assets – all assets not otherwise included in the
firm’s current assets or fixed assets, such as patents, long-term investments
in securities, and goodwill
b. The liabilities and owners’ equity indicate how the assets are
financed.
(1) The debt consists of such sources as credit extended from
suppliers or a loan from a bank.
(2) The equity includes the stockholders’ investment in the firm
and the cumulative profits retained in the business up to the date of the
balance sheet.
2. The balance sheet is not intended to represent the current
market value of the company, but rather reports the historical transactions
recorded at their costs.
3. Balance sheets for the Harley-Davidson Corporation are
presented in Table 2-2.
II Computing a Company’s Taxes
A. Types of taxpayers
1. Sole proprietors
a. Report business income on personal tax returns
b. Pay taxes at personal tax rate
2. Partnerships
a. The partnership reports income but does not pay taxes
b. Each partner reports his or her portion of income and pays
the corresponding taxes.
3. Corporations
a. Corporation reports income and pays taxes
b. Owners do not report these earnings except when all or part
of the profit is paid out as dividends.
c. Our focus is on corporate taxes.
B. Computing Taxable Income
1. Taxable income is based on gross income less tax-deductible
expenses
a. Interest expense is tax deductible
b. Dividend payments are not tax deductible
2. Depreciation
a. Modified accelerated cost recovery system used for computing
depreciation for tax purposes
b. We use straight-line depreciation to reduce complexity.
C. Computing Taxes Owed
1. Taxes paid are based on corporate tax structure.
2. Tax rates used to calculate tax liability are marginal tax
rates, or the rate applicable to the next dollar of income.
3. Average tax rate is calculated by dividing taxes owed by the
firm’s total income
4. Marginal tax rate is used in financial decision making
III. Measuring Free Cash Flows
A. While an income statement measures a company’s profits,
profits are not the same as cash flows; profits are calculated on an accrual basis rather than a cash basis.
B. In
measuring cash flows, we could use the conventional accountant’s presentation
called a statement of cash flows. However, we are more interested in
considering cash flows from the perspective of the firm’s shareholders and its
investors, rather than from an accounting view. We will instead measure the
cash flow that is free and available to be distributed to the firm’s investors,
both debt and equity investors, or what we will call free cash flows.
C. The
cash flows that are generated through a firm’s operations and investments in
assets will always equal its cash flows paid to – or received from – the
company’s investors (both creditors and stockholders).
D. Calculating Free Cash Flows: An Asset Perspective
1. A firm's free cash flows, from an asset perspective, is the
after-tax cash flows generated from operations less the firm's investments in
assets. It is this same amount that will
be available for distributing to the firm’s investors. That is, a firm's free cash flows for a given
period is equal to:
After-tax cash flow from
operations
less
the
investment (increase) in net operating working capital
less
investments
in fixed assets (plant and equipment) and other assets.
2. After-tax cash flows from operations as
follows:
Operating income (earnings before
interest and taxes)
+ depreciation
= Earnings
before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA)
- cash
tax payments
= After-tax
cash flows from operations
3. The
increase in net operating working capital is equal to the:
-
4. Investments
in fixed assets includes the change in gross
fixed assets and any other balance sheet assets not already considered.
E. Calculating Free Cash Flows:
A Financing Perspective
|
1. Free cash flows from a financing perspective are equal to:
|
A. Many countries have different guidelines for firms to use in
preparing financial statements. For
example, a $1 of earnings in the United States is not the same as 1.10 Euro
(the equivalent of a U.S. dollar based on the exchange rate). The differences are due to the two countries
having different Generally Accepted Accounting Principles which guide their
firms’ financial reporting.
B. As a result of this situation, the International Accounting
Standards Committee (IASC), a private body supported by the worldwide
accounting profession, is trying to develop international financial-reporting
standards that will minimize the problem.
In spite of the work to standardize accounting practices around the
world, the U.S. accounting profession has rejected efforts toward international
standards. At this time, foreign
companies seeking to list their shares in the United States must follow U.S.
accounting standards.
ANSWERS TO
END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS
2-1. a. The
balance sheet represents an enumeration of a firm’s resources (assets) along
with its liabilities and owners’ equity at a given date. The income statement summarizes the net
results of the operation of a firm over a specified time interval.
The primary distinction between
these two statements is that the balance sheet shows the financial condition of
a firm at a given date, whereas the income statement deals with the revenues
and expenses of the firm incurred during a specified period of time.
b. The
conventional cash flow statement as prepared by accountants provides the
information we need to know about what has happened to the firm’s cash and why.
But it does not present it in a way that makes clear the cash flows the firm’s
creditors and investors are providing to or receiving from the firm. Thus, we choose to reformat the presentation
to show the firm’s free cash
flows—the cash available to distribute to the creditors and investors. We are more interested in considering cash
flows from the perspective of the firm’s shareholders and its investors, rather
than from an accounting view. We instead measure the cash flow that is free and
available to be distributed to the firm’s investors, both debt and equity
investors, or what we will call free
cash flows. Thus, what we use is
similar to a conventional cash flow statement presented as part of a company’s
financial statements, but “not exactly.”
We also make the distinction between the cash flows generated by the
firm’s assets and the financing free cash flows.
2-2. Gross profits is sales less the cost of
producing or acquiring the firm’s product or service. Operating profits is the gross profits less
the operating expenses, which consist of distributing the product or service to
the customer (namely, marketing expenses) and any general and administrative expenses
in operating the business. Net income is
operating profits less financing costs (interest expenses and preferred stock
dividends) and less income taxes.
2-3. Interest expense is the cost of borrowing money from a banker
or another lender. There typically is a fixed interest rate so that the
interest expense is computed as the interest rate times the amount borrowed. If
we borrow $500,000 at an interest rate of 12 percent, then our interest expense
will be $60,000.
While interest is paid for the
use of debt capital, dividends are paid to the firm’s stockholders. Preferred stock typically has a fixed
dividend rate, so that the preferred stockholder gets a constant dividend each
year. Common stockholders, on the other
hand, usually receive dividends only if management decides to pay a dividend
instead of reinvesting the firm’s profits.
However, typically once a dividend has been paid to common stockholders,
management is reluctant to decrease it or cease paying a dividend.
2-4 Once preferred shares are sold, dividends are paid or accrued
each year based upon preferred dividends (i.e., the percentage of the preferred
stock’s par value paid as dividends) agreed to at the selling date. However, these dividends affect the income
statement only. Common stock dividends,
which may vary from year to year, also affect the income statement; however,
the investment of common shareholders varies with the net addition to (or
reduction from) retained earnings from year to year. The net addition to retained earnings equals
the difference in the period’s net income and common dividends paid. Thus, the common equity section of the
balance sheet (par value of common stock, paid-in capital and retained
earnings) varies from year to year due to changes in the retained earnings
portion of the firm’s common equity.
2.5 Net
working capital is the firm’s liquid assets (current assets) less its
short-term debt. Accountants include all
short-term debt when computing net
working capital; however, in computing free cash flows, we only subtract the
noninterest-bearing debt, such as accounts payables and accruals. With this latter method, we are only
considering the assets and liabilities that are changing as a result of the
normal operating cycle of the business—beginning with the time inventory is
purchased on credit to the time the firm collects the cash from its customer.
Gross working capital is the sum
of current assets, while net working capital is the difference between current
assets and current liabilities.
As already suggested, we have
both interest-bearing debt and noninterest-bearing debt. The former is debt where the lender is paid
interest for providing us the money. Noninterest-bearing debt charges no
interest because the “lender” is really a supplier or an employee to whom we
owe money, but they are not requiring the firm to pay interest.
2-6. A firm could have positive cash flows but still be in trouble
because it has negative cash flows from operations. The positive cash flows would then be the
result of the firm reducing its investments in working capital or long-term
assets. Such a situation means that the
company is not earning a satisfactory rate of return on its investments. Another company could have very attractive
rates of return on its assets, but be growing so fast that the large investments
in working capital and long-term assets result in negative cash flows. In this latter case, management is simply
investing in the future. As the rate of
growth slows, positive cash flows will occur.
2-7. Examining only the income statement and the balance sheet fails
to tell us how the firm is using its cash, which is a critical issue for any
company.
2-8. Free cash flows from assets equal the cash flows that are
generated by the company that are then distributed to (if positive) or received
from (if negative) the firm’s creditors and investors. It looks at cash flows from the firm’s
perspective. Free cash flows from a
financing perspective looks at the cash flows from the investors’
viewpoint. It indicates how the investor
received cash in the form of interest, dividends, debt repayment or stock
repurchase and how the investor infused cash in the form of additional debt or
stock purchase. Whatever the company does is the exact opposite of what the
investor receives or pays. That is, if a
company distributes $100 in cash to the investors, then the investors must
receive $100 as well. They have to be
equal.
SOLUTIONS
TO
END-OF-CHAPTER
PROBLEMS
Solutions
to Problem Set A
2-1A. Belmond, Inc.
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2003
ASSETS
Current
assets
Cash
$ 16,550
Accounts
receivable 9,600
Inventory
6,500
Total
current assets
$ 32,650
Gross
buildings & equipment
$122,000
Accumulated
depreciation
(34,000)
Net
buildings & equipment $ 88,000
Total
assets $120,650
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Liabilities
Current
Liabilities
Notes
payable
$ 600
Accounts
payable
4,800
Total
current liabilities
$ 5,400
Long-term
debt
55,000
Total
liabilities
$ 60,400
Equity
Common
stock
$ 45,000
Retained
earnings 15,250
Total
equity
$ 60,250
Total
liabilities and equity
$120,650
Belmond, Inc.
Income
Statement
For
the Year Ended December 31, 2003
Sales
$ 12,800
Cost
of goods sold
5,750
Gross
profits
$ 7,050
General
& admin expense
$ 850
Depreciation
expense
500
Total
operating expense
$ 1,350
Operating
income (EBIT)
$ 5,700
Interest
expense
900
Earnings
before taxes
$ 4,800
Taxes 1,440
Net
income
$
3,360
2-2A.
Sharpe
Mfg. Company
Balance
Sheet
December
31, 2003
ASSETS
Cash $ 96,000
Accounts
receivable 120,000
Inventory 110,000
Total
current assets
$ 326,000
Machinery
and equipment $
700,000
Accumulated
depreciation
(236,000)
Net
fixed assets
464,000
Total
assets
$
790,000
LIABILITIES & EQUITY
Liabilities
Current
Liabilities
Notes
payable
$ 100,000
Accounts
payable 90,000
Total
current liabilities
$ 190,000
Long-term
debt
160,000
Total
liabilities
$ 350,000
Equity
Common
stock $ 320,000
Retained
earnings
Prior year 100,000
Current year 20,000
Total
equity
$ 440,000
Total
liabilities and equity
$
790,000
Sharpe
Mfg. Company
Income
Statement
For
the Year Ended December 31, 2003
Sales
$ 800,000
Cost
of goods sold
500,000
Gross
profits
$ 300,000
Operating
expense 280,000
Net
income
$
20,000
(Assume
no interest accrued or taxes)
2-3A. Delaney, Inc. - Corporate Income Tax
Sales $4,000,000
Cost of goods sold and
cash operating expenses 2,400,000
Depreciation expense 100,000
Operating profit $1,500,000
Interest expense 150,000
Taxable Income $1,350,000
Tax
Liability:
$50,000 x
0.15 = $7,500
25,000 x
0.25 = 6,250
25,000 x
0.34 = 8,500
235,000 x 0.39 = 91,650
1,015,000 x
0.34 = 345,100
$1,350,000 $459,000
2-4A. Potts, Inc. - Corporate Income Tax
Sales $
6,000,000
Cost of goods sold and
cash operating expenses 5,600,000
Operating profit $ 400,000
Interest expense 30,000
Taxable Income
$
370,000
Tax
Liability:
$50,000 x
0.15 = $7,500
25,000 x
0.25 = 6,250
25,000 x
0.34 = 8,500
235,000 x
0.39 = 91,650
35,000
x 0.34 = 11,900
$370,000 $125,800
2-5A. Pamplin, Inc.
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Operating
income (EBIT)
$ 360,000
Depreciation
200,000
EBITDA
$ 560,000
Tax
expense $ 120,000
Less
change in tax payable
-
Cash
taxes
$ 120,000
After-tax
cash flows from operations $
440,000
Change
in net working capital
Change
in current assets:
Change in cash $ (50,000)
Change in accounts receivable (25,000)
Change in inventory 75,000
Change
in current assets
$ -
Change
in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payable $ (50,000)
Change in net operating working capital $ (50,000)
Change
in long-term assets:
Purchase of fixed assets
(400,000)
Free
cash flows - asset perspective $ (10,000)
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest
expense $
(60,000)
Less
change in interest payable -
Interest
paid to lenders
$ (60,000)
Repayment
of long-term debt -
Increase
in short-term debt 150,000
Common
stock dividends paid to owners (80,000)
Free
cash flows - financing perspective $ 10,000
Note: The dividends were computed by comparing net
income against the change in retained earnings.
Net income was $180,000, but retained earnings increased only by
$100,000; thus the balance was distributed in the form of dividends.
Pamplin,
Inc. had an after-tax operating cash flow of $440,000. Additionally, Pamplin acquired further
financing though increasing short-term debt by $150,000. This cash was mainly used to purchase fixed
assets of $400,000. The remainder was
used to decrease payables to suppliers by $50,000, pay interest of $60,000, and
pay dividends back to the investors of $80,000.
2-6A. T.P. Jarmon
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from
operations
Earnings before taxes $
70,000
Plus interest expense 10,000
EBIT 80,000
Depreciation 30,000
EBITDA $ 110,000
Tax expense $ 27,100
Less change in tax payable -
Cash taxes 27,100
After-tax cash flows from operations $
82,900
Step
2: Change in net operating working capital
Change in current assets:
Change in cash $
(1,000)
Change in accounts receivable (9,000)
Change in inventory 33,000
Change in prepaid rent (100)
Change in marketable securities 200
Change in current assets $ 23,100
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payable $
9,000
Change in accrued expenses (1,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $
8,000
Change in net operating working capital $ (15,100)
Step
3: Change in long-term assets
Purchase of fixed assets $
14,000
(Change in net fixed assets + depr.
expense)
Change in other assets -
Net cash used for investments $ (14,000)
Asset free cash flows $ 53,800
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest paid to investors $(10,000)
Less change in interest payable -
Interest received by investors $ (10,000)
Decrease in long-term debt (10,000)
Decrease in notes payable (2,000)
Common stock dividends (31,800)
Financing free cash flows $ (53,800)
T.P. Jarmon had a successful
year, generating an after-tax cash flow of $82,900. To increase cash flow further,
noninterest-bearing debt increased by $8,000.
Part of this cash was consumed when current assets were increased by
$23,100 (of which inventory increased by $33,000). Fixed assets of $14,000 were also
purchased. The substantial part of the
cash flow, however, was distributed back to the investors. Debt was decreased, both long-term and
short-term, by $12,000. Interest of
$10,000 was also paid on this debt.
Finally, investors were paid $31,800 in dividends.
2-7A. Abrams Manufacturing
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from
operations
Operating
Income $
54,000
Depreciation 26,000
EBITDA $
80,000
Tax expense $ 16,000
Less change in tax payable -
Cash taxes 16,000
After-tax cash flows from operations $
64,000
Step 2: Change in net operating working
capital
Change in current assets:
Change in cash $ 11,000
Change in accounts receivables 6,000
Change in inventories (12,000)
Change in prepaid expenses -
Change
in current assets $ 5,000
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payables $ 5,000
Change in accrued liabilities (5,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $ -
Change in net operating working capital $ (5,000)
Step 3: Change in long-term assets
Purchase of fixed assets $
73,000
Change in other assets -
Net cash used for investments $
(73,000)
Asset free cash flows $ (14,000)
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest paid to investors $ (4,000)
Less change in interest payable -
Interest received by investors $ (4,000)
Decrease in long-term debt (mortgage payable) (70,000)
Increase in preferred stock 120,000
Preferred stock dividends (10,000)
Common stock dividends (22,000)
Financing free cash flows $
14,000
Abrams
generated cash through an after-tax operating profit of $64,000 and issuing
preferred stock of $120,000. This cash
was primarily used to pay down debt of $70,000 and purchase fixed assets of
$73,000. Investors also received cash
back through dividends of $32,000 and interest of $4,000. Abrams also increased current assets in total
by $5,000 by increasing cash and accounts receivable while decreasing
inventory.
2-8A. J.T. Williams
Williams generated $224,210 in
after-tax operating cash flows(including other income). To further increase cash flow, accounts
payable and accrued expenses were increased by $1,662 and $32,283,
respectively. They also increased their
short-term debt by $30,577, increased their long-term debt by $7,018 and issued
more common stock for $61,806. They used
the operating cash flow and increased financing to purchase $58,297 in
inventory and other current assets and purchased $308,336 in fixed assets,
investments, and other assets. While
Williams generated a positive after-tax cash flow from operations, investors
and creditors infused $99,401 into the operations to finance the increases in
assets. Williams needs to analyze
whether the investors are receiving an acceptable return on their investments. It should be careful not to become
over-capitalized during this time of rapid growth.
2-9A. Johnson, Inc.
Johnson incurred a loss of
$450,571 in after-tax operating cash flows(including other losses). In addition, interest expense of $87,966 was
paid to cover the company’s current debt.
The company increased their cash reserve, inventory and other current
assets by $587,924. Fixed assets,
investments, and other assets increased in net by $1,420,113. To finance this negative free cash flow, Johnson
increased their long-term debt by $1,118,198, increased short-term debt and
other current liabilities by $227,607, and issued more common stock in the
amount of $851,016. Accounts payable to
suppliers were also increased by $349,753.
While investors in Internet companies have been satisfied with repeated
annual losses, Johnson should look for ways to decrease debt, produce positive
future cash flows, and provide an acceptable rate of return to its investors.
SOLUTION TO INTEGRATIVE PROBLEM
Davis & Howard had a
successful year bringing in positive after-tax cash flows from
operations(including other income) of $174,034.
This money was used in part to increase current assets and fixed assets
of $77,100 and $61,873, respectively.
Investments also increased $2,730 and other assets were sold for
$9,881. The noninterest-bearing current
debt also increased by $59,062 to help finance the increase in current
assets. However, the increase in current
assets was substantially due to an increase of $57,467 in accounts receivable. Management should take measures to reduce the
average collection period or utilize other tools to maintain control of this
asset. Free cash flows of $101,274 were
distributed to investors. Interest
expense of $17,024 was paid for the current debt. Davis & Howard decreased their debt
principal(including long-term debt, other liabilities, and notes payable) by a
total of $27,380. Stockholders were paid
dividends of $26,912. Finally, Davis
& Howard used their free cash flows to repurchase common stock for $29,958.
Solutions
to Problem Set B
2-1B. Warner Company
Balance
Sheet
December
31, 2003
ASSETS
Current
assets
Cash
$ 225,000
Accounts
receivable 153,000
Inventory 99,300
Prepaid
expenses 14,500
Total
current assets
$ 491,800
Gross
buildings & equipment
$ 895,000
Accumulated
depreciation (263,000)
Net
buildings & equipment
$ 632,000
Total
assets $1,123,800
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Liabilities
Current
Liabilities
Accounts
payable $ 102,000
Notes
payable 75,000
Taxes
payable 53,000
Accrued
expense 7,900
Total
current liabilities
$ 237,900
Long-term
debt 334,000
Total
liabilities
$ 571,900
Equity
Common
stock
$ 289,000
Retained
earnings 262,900
Total
equity
$ 551,900
Total
liabilities and equity
$1,123,800
Warner Company
Income
Statement
For
the Year Ended December 31, 2003
Sales
$ 573,000
Cost
of goods sold
297,000
Gross
profits
$ 276,000
General
& admin expense
$ 79,000
Depreciation
expense
66,000
Total
operating expense
$ 145,000
Operating
income (EBIT)
$ 131,000
Interest
expense 4,750
Earnings
before taxes
$ 126,250
Taxes 50,500
Net
income
$
75,750
2-2B. Sabine Mfg. Company
Balance
Sheet
December
31, 2003
ASSETS
Current
assets
Cash
$ 90,000
Accounts
receivable 150,000
Inventory 110,000
Total
current assets
$ 350,000
Machinery
and Equipment $
700,000
Accumulated
depreciation (236,000)
Net
buildings & equipment
$ 464,000
Total
assets $ 814,000
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Liabilities
Current
Liabilities
Accounts
payable $ 90,000
Short-term
notes payable 90,000
Total
current liabilities
$ 180,000
Long-term
debt 160,000
Total
liabilities
$ 340,000
Equity
Common
stock
$ 320,000
Retained
earnings
Prior year 84,000
Current year 70,000
Total
equity
$ 474,000
Total
liabilities and equity
$
814,000
Sabine
Mfg. Company
Income
Statement
For
the Year Ended December 31, 2003
Net
Sales
$ 900,000
Cost
of goods sold
550,000
Gross
profits
$ 350,000
Operating
expense 280,000
Net
income $
70,000
2-3B. Cook, Inc. - Corporate Income Tax
Sales $
3,500,000
Cost of goods sold and
cash operating expenses 2,500,000
Depreciation expense 100,000
Operating profit $ 900,000
Interest expense 165,000
Taxable Income $
735,000
Tax
Liability:
$50,000 x
0.15 = $ 7,500
25,000 x
0.25 = 6,250
25,000 x
0.34 = 8,500
235,000 x
0.39 = 91,650
400,000 x 0.34 = 136,000
$735,000 $249,900
2-4B. Rose, Inc. - Corporate Income Tax
Sales $7,000,000
Cost of goods sold and
cash operating expenses 6,600,000
Operating profit $400,000
Interest expense 40,000
Taxable Income $ 360,000
Tax
Liability:
$50,000 x
0.15 = $ 7,500
25,000 x
0.25 = 6,250
25,000 x
0.34 = 8,500
235,000 x
0.39 = 91,650
25,000
x 0.34 =
8,500
$ 360,000 $122,400
2-5B. J.B. Chavez
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from
operations
Earnings before taxes $
270,000
Plus interest expense 60,000
EBIT 330,000
Depreciation 200,000
EBITDA $
530,000
Tax expense $ 108,000
Less change in tax payable -
Cash taxes 108,000
After-tax cash flows from operations $ 422,000
Step 2: Change in net operating working
capital
Change in current assets:
Change in cash $ (50,000)
Change in accounts receivable (20,000)
Change in inventory 50,000
Change in current assets $ (20,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payable $(135,000)
Change in accrued expenses -
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $(135,000)
Change in net operating working capital $ (115,000)
Step 3: Change in long-term assets
Purchase of fixed assets $ 300,000
Change in other assets -
Net cash used for investments $ (300,000)
Asset free cash flows $ 7,000
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest expense $
(60,000)
Less change in interest payable -
Interest paid to lenders $
(60,000)
Increase in notes payable 115,000
Common stock dividends (62,000)
Financing free cash flows $ (7,000)
After-tax
cash flows from operations of $422,000 and an increase in notes payable of
$115,000 were used to pay down the accounts payable by $135,000 and increase
our inventory and fixed assets by $50,000 and $300,000, respectively. Interest of $60,000 and common stock
dividends of $62,000 were paid to investors.
2-6B. RPI, Inc.
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from
operations
Earnings before taxes $
110,000
Plus interest expense 10,000
EBIT 120,000
Depreciation 30,000
EBITDA $
150,000
Tax expense $
27,100
Less change in tax payable -
Cash taxes 27,100
After-tax cash flows from operations $
122,900
Step 2: Change in net operating working
capital
Change in current assets:
Change in cash $
1,000
Change in marketable securities 200
Change in accounts receivable (4,000)
Change in prepaid rent (100)
Change in inventory 43,000
Change in current assets $
40,100
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payable $
7,000
Change in accrued expenses (1,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $
6,000
Change in net operating working capital $
(34,100)
Step 3: Change in long-term assets
Purchase of fixed assets $
34,000
(Change in net fixed assets
+
depreciation expense)
Change
in other assets -
Net cash used for investments $ (34,000)
Asset free cash flows $ 54,800
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest expense $ (10,000)
Less change in interest payable -
Interest paid to lenders $
(10,000)
Decrease in notes payable (3,000)
Decrease in long-term debt (10,000)
Common stock dividends (31,800)
Financing free cash flows $ (54,800)
RPI
had positive after-tax operating cash flows of $122,900. As a result, RPI made a decision to evenly
split the cash flow between distribution to investors and investing back into
the company. Net operating capital
increased by $34,100, mostly in the area of inventory which increased by
$43,000. Fixed assets of $34,000 were
also purchased. The asset free cash flow
of $54,800 was distributed back to investors through interest of $10,000, debt
repayments of $13,000, and dividends of $31,800.
2-7B. Cameron Co.
Free cash flows from an asset perspective:
Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from
operations
Earnings before taxes $
72,000
Plus interest expense 5,000
EBIT 77,000
Depreciation 26,000
EBITDA $
103,000
Tax expense $
30,000
Less change in tax payable -
Cash taxes 30,000
After-tax cash flows from operations $ 73,000
Step 2: Change in net operating working
capital
Change in current assets:
Change in cash $ (19,000)
Change in accounts receivable 6,000
Change in prepaid expenses -
Change in inventory (22,000)
Change in current assets $ (35,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt:
Change in accounts payable $
(5,000)
Change in accrued liabilities (5,000)
Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $
(10,000)
Change in net operating working capital $
25,000
Step 3: Change in long-term assets
Purchase of fixed assets $
63,000
Change in other assets -
Net cash used for investments $
(63,000)
Asset free cash flows $ 35,000
Free cash flows from a financing
perspective:
Interest expense $
(5,000)
Less change in interest payable -
Interest paid to lenders $
(5,000)
Decrease in mortgage payable (60,000)
Increase in preferred stock 70,000
Preferred stock dividends (8,000)
Common stock dividends (32,000)
Financing free cash flows $ (35,000)
Cameron
Co. created cash flows through after-tax profits of $73,000 and issuing $70,000
of preferred stock. Cameron also
decreased current assets of $35,000 through inventory and cash. This cash was used to decrease $10,000 in
noninterest-bearing current debt and to purchase $63,000 in fixed assets. Cameron also eliminated $60,000 in a mortgage
payable and distributed $40,000 in dividends and $5,000 in interest to
investors.
2-8B Hilary’s Ice Cream
Hilary’s had a profitable year
generating after-tax operating cash flows(including other losses) of
$10,953. However, it should be noted
that current assets increased by $5,038 of which accounts receivable increased
by $7,495. This increase was offset by
increasing accounts payable by $5,456.
Hilary’s should be concerned with the substantial increase in payables
and the even greater threat of aging receivables. Hilary’s used some of the above operating
cash flow to purchase other assets for $3,060.
The asset free cash flow of $9,688 was distributed to the investors in
the form of $1,634 in interest, $3,822 in long-term debt principal, and
repurchasing $4,593 in common stock. It
is possible that Hilary’s thought it wise to lower long term debt and
repurchase stock rather than make investments in further growth.
2.9B Retail.com
In need of cash, Retail.com
issued common stock for $368,463 and increased current liabilities by
$9,609. This cash was used, in part, to
cover an after-tax operating loss(including other income) of $63,689. Retail.com mainly used the cash to increase
growth by purchasing fixed assets and other investments of $31,971 and
$178,108, respectively. Retail.com also
sought to increase their liquidity by increasing current assets by $84,962,
consisting mainly of a $76,680 increase in their cash reserve, which was offset
in part by increasing payables by $4,657.
The remainder of the common stock issue was paid back to investors
through a dividend of $23,612. For many
years, it has been fairly easy for innovative Internet companies to raise money
through the stock market. It has been
more important to grow quickly than to create profits. In future years, Retail.com must turn these
losses into profits and create true value for their investors.able increased
by $7,495. This increase was offset by
increasing accounts payable by $5,456.
Hilary’s should be concerned with the substantial increase in payables
and the even greater threat of aging receivables. Hilary’s used some of the above operating
cash flow to purchase other assets for $3,060.
The asset free cash flow of $9,688 was distributed to the investors in
the form of $1,634 in interest, $3,822 in long-term debt principal, and
repurchasing $4,593 in common stock. It
is possible that Hilary’s thought it wise to lower long term debt and
repurchase stock rather than make investments in further growth.
2.9B Retail.com
In need of cash, Retail.com
issued common stock for $368,463 and increased current liabilities by
$9,609. This cash was used, in part, to
cover an after-tax operating loss(including other income) of $63,689. Retail.com mainly used the cash to increase
growth by purchasing fixed assets and other investments of $31,971 and
$178,108, respectively. Retail.com also
sought to increase their liquidity by increasing current assets by $84,962,
consisting mainly of a $76,680 increase in their cash reserve, which was offset
in part by increasing payables by $4,657.
The remainder of the common stock issue was paid back to investors
through a dividend of $23,612. For many
years, it has been fairly easy for innovative Internet companies to raise money
through the stock market. It has been
more important to grow quickly than to create profits. In future years, Retail.com must turn these
losses into profits and create true value for their investors.
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