LESSON 03
BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
Business organization is an act of grouping
activities into effective cooperation to obtain the
objective of the business.
In the words of L. H. Haney
“It is more or less independent complex of
land, labour and capital, organized and directed for
productive purposes but entrepreneurial
ability.
SCOPE OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
The scope of business organization can be
defined as under:
Scope of
Business
Organization
Partnership
Combination
Sole
Joint Stock
Cooperative
Proprietorship
Company
Societies
1. Sole Proprietorship
According to D.W.T. Stafford
“It is the simplest form of business
organization, which is owned and controlled by one man.”
Sole proprietorship is the oldest form of
business organization which is owned and controlled
by one person. In this business, one man invests his capital
himself. He is all in all in doing
his business. He enjoys the whole of the profit. The features of sole proprietorship are:
Easy Formation
Unlimited Liability
Ownership
Profit
Management
Easy Dissolution
2. Partnership
According to Partnership Act 1932:
“Partnership is the relation between persons
who have agreed to share the profits of a
business carried on by all or any of them
acting for all.”
Partnership means a lawful business owned by
two or more persons. The profit of the
business shared by the partners in agreed
ratio. The liability of each partner is
unlimited.
Small and medium size business activities
are performed under this organization.
It has the
following features:
Legal Entity
Profit and Loss Distribution
Unlimited Liability
Transfer of Rights
Management
Number of Partners
3. Joint Stock Company
According to S. E. Thomas:
“A company is an incorporated association of
persons formed usually for the pursuit of some
commercial purposes”
A joint stock company is a voluntary
association of persons created by law.
It has a separate
legal entity apart from its members. It can sue and be sued in its name. In the joint stock
company, the work of organization begins
before its incorporation by promoters and it
continues after incorporation. The joint stock company has the following
feature:
Creation of Law
Separate Legal Entity
Limited Liability
Transferability of shares
Number of Members
Common Seal
4. Cooperative Societies
According to Herrik:
“Cooperation is an action of persons
voluntarily united for utilizing reciprocally their own forces,
resources or both under mutual management
for their common profit or loss.”
Cooperative Societies are formed for the
help of poor people. It is formed by
economically
weak persons of the society. In this form of organization, all members
enjoy equal rights of
ownership.
The features of cooperative society are as under:-
Easy Formation
Protection of Mutual Interest
Limited Liability
Equal Distribution of Wealth
Equal Rights
5. Combination
According to J. L. Hanson
“Combination is the association, temporary
or permanent, of two or more firms.”
Business combinations are formed when
several business concern undertaking units are
combined to carry on business together for
achieving the economic benefits. The
combination
among the firms may be temporary or
permanent. The salient features of
business
combination are:
Economy in Production
Effective Management
Division of Labour
Destructive Competition
IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
The following points elaborate the role of
business organizations:
1. Distribution
Another benefit of business organization is
that it solves the problems of marketing and
distribution like buying, selling,
transporting, storage and grading, etc.
2. Feedback
An organization makes possible to take
decisions about production after getting the feedback
from markets.
3. Finance Management
It also guides the businessman that how he
should meet his financial needs which is very
beneficial for making progress in business.
4. Fixing of Responsibilities
It also fixes the responsibilities of each
individual. It introduces the scheme of
internal check.
In this way chances of errors and frauds are
reduced.
5. Minimum Cost
It helps in attaining the goals and
objectives of minimum cost in the business.
6. Minimum Wastage
It reduces the wastage of raw material and
other expenditures. In this way the rate
of profit is
increased.
7. Product Growth
Business organization is very useful for the
product growth. It increases the
efficiency of
labour.
8. Quick Decision
Business organization makes it easy to take
quick decisions.
9. Recognition Problems
Business organization makes it easy to
recognize the problems in business and their
solutions.
10. Reduces the Cost
Business organization is useful in reducing
the cost of production as it helps in the efficient use
of factors of production.
11. Secretariat Functions
It also guides the businessman about the
best way of performing the secretarial functions.
12. Skilled Salesmen
It is also a benefit of the business
organization that it provides the skilled salesmen for
satisfying various needs of the customers.
13. Transportation
It is another benefit is that it guides the
businessman that what type of transport he should
utilize to increase the sales volume of the
product.
What are the factors of consideration before
starting a business?
PRE-REQUISITES OF BUSINESS
Following are the main pre-requisites of a
successful business:
1. Selection
The first and most important decision before
starting a new business is its selection.
If once a
business is established, it becomes
difficult to change it. One should make
a detailed
investigation in the selection of business.
2. Feasibility Report
A person should prepare the feasibility
report about the business to be started.
This report will
provide the facts and figures whether
business is profitable or not.
3. Nature of Business
There are various types of business like
manufacturing, trading and services. The
businessman should decide that what type of
business he would like to start.
4. Demand of Product
The businessman also keeps in view the
demand of the product which he wants to sell.
If the
demand is inelastic, the chances of success
are bright. If the demand of a product
is irregular,
seasonal and uncertain, such business should
not be started.
5. Size of Business
The Size of business means the scale of
business. The size of business depends
upon the
demand of commodity in the market and
organizational ability of entrepreneur. The
determination of size of business is an
important decision of a person.
6. Availability of Capital
Availability of capital is an important
factor in the business. Capital is required for the purchase
of land, machines, wages and raw
materials. A businessman must decide
that how much
capital he can arrange.
7. Business Location
A businessman has to select the place where
he wants to start his business. He
should select
that place where raw material, cheap labour
and transportation facilities are available. He
should also check the location of business
competitors.
8. Government Policy
The businessman should also carefully
consider the policies of government before starting a
new business. Some areas are declared as ‘tax free zones’
and for some particular
businesses the loan is provided without any
interest.
9. Availability of Raw Material
Availability of Raw material is essential to
produce the goods at low cost. Sometimes
the raw
material is to be imported which may create
problem for him. So a businessman must
keep
this factor in mind.
10. Availability of Machines
Availability of new machines is also an
important factor for a business. A
businessman must
see whether these machines are easily
available inside the country or not. If
these are to be
imported then it may create the problems for
him.
11. Availability of Labour
Skilled and efficient labour is essential to
run the business in profit. But if
efficient and skilled
labour is not available where business is
going to be started then it will not be profitable.
12. Means of Transportation
Quick and cheap means of transportation are
essential for low cost of production and high
profit rate.
A businessman must keep in view this factor.
13. Power Resources
There must be availability of power
resources like water, oil, coal and electricity. So
businessman must keep in view this factor.
14. Hiring Employees
A businessman must hire the efficient and
competent employees in the business. The
proper
training must be given to employees.
15. Product Pricing
A businessman must decide the price of his
product. In the beginning the price must
be low.
He must keep in view that whether he will
cover cost of his product and other expenses with
such price.
FUNCTIONS OF BUSINESS
Following are the main functions of a
business:
1. Production
Production of goods and services is the
first main function of the business. The
production
must be regular. The goods and services must be produced in
such a way which can satisfy
human needs.
2. Sales
The sale is another important function of
the business. Sales are of two types:
Cash sales
Credit sales
The sale must be regular and at reasonable
price. It is very difficult job because
there is hard
competition in each market.
3. Finance
It is also an important function of the
business to secure finance. Finance is
required for
establishment and expansion of
business. There are two sources of
raising funds:
(a) Owner’s Capital
(b) Borrowed Funds
4. Management Function
“To do things efficiently and effectively”
is known as management. The functions of
management are:
Planning
Organizing
Leading
Controlling
Staffing
The management also provides direction for
all subordinates.
5. Innovation
In this era of competition, for the survival
of business, innovation is essential.
The
businessman must try to find new techniques
of production because the business may not sell
present output in future.
6. Accounting
Another function of the business is to
maintain its records properly. To record
the business
activities is called accounting. With proper accounts, the owner can know the
actual
performance of business and chances of fraud
are reduced.
7. Marketing
- According to Harry Henser
“Marketing involves the design of the
products acceptable by the consumers and the conduct
of those activities which facilitate the
transfer of ownership between seller and buyer.”
Through marketing, goods are moved from
producers to consumers. It is an
important
function of the business. This function includes buying, selling,
transportation, product
designing and storage, etc. The concept of marketing mix is very
important in marketing. It
includes four Ps:
Product
Price
Place
Promotion
8. Quality Improvement
Quality of product must be improved to
increase the sale. If quality of product
is poor then
business may suffer a loss.
9. Motivation
Motivation is very essential for increasing
the efficiency of employees. Motivation
encourages
the employees to give their best
performance.
10. Research
Research is also an important function of
any business. Research is a search for
new
knowledge.
By research, business becomes able to produce improved and new
goods. The
research is of two types:
Basic Research
Applied Research
11. Public Relations
It is very important function to make
friendly relations with public, In this way sales volume is
increased.
No comments:
Post a Comment